The Different Jing and Their Applications
by Dr. Yang, Jwing-Ming, July 6, 2015 蔡夫子譯
不同的勁及其應用
作者：Jwing-Ming 楊博士，2015 年 7 月 6 日
Jing can be expressed by the hands, elbows, shoulders, hips, knees, legs, or even the body itself. Taijiquan emphasizes the upper limbs and the body, and uses the legs and feet as secondary weapons.
勁可以通過手、肘、肩、臀、膝、腿，甚至身體本身來表現。太極拳強調上肢和身體，以腿和腳為輔助武器。
There are more than forty different kinds of jing excluding leg and foot jing. They can be distinguished into sensing jing and manifested jing. Sensing jing includes passive sensing jing, which are the ability to sense the opponent's power, and active sensing jing, which are the ability to move qi into or out of another person's body. Manifested jing visibly exhibit the use of force and can also be divided into yang jing or offensive jing (gong jing, 攻勁), yin jing or defensive jing (shou jing, 守勁), and neutral jing or neither yin nor yang jing (fei gong fei shou jing, 非攻非守勁).
除腿勁和足勁外，還有四十多種不同的勁。可分為感勁和顯勁。感勁包括被動感勁，即感知對方力量的能力，以及主動感勁，即將氣移入或移出他人身體的能力。顯勁顯用武力，也可分為陽勁或攻勁(攻勁)、陰勁或守勁(守勁)、中性勁或不陰陽勁(非攻非守勁）。
Because offensive jing usually emit force onto the opponent's body, they are also called emitting jing (fa jing, 發勁). Defensive jing usually neutralize the opponent's power and thus are generally called neutralizing jing (hua jing, 化勁).
因攻擊勁通常向對方身體發力，故又稱發勁（fa jing，發勁）。衛勁通常中和對手的力量，因此通常被稱為中和勁（hua jing，化勁）。
Offensive jing can be subdivided into pure offensive jing and attack with some defense jing (gong zhong dai shou jing, 攻中帶守勁). The first is strongly yang and can be represented by three solid lines. The second is also yang, but with some yin, and can be represented by two solid lines and one broken line.
攻中帶守勁又可分為攻中帶守勁和攻中帶守勁。第一個是強陽，可以用三條實線表示。第二個也是陽，但有一些陰，可以用兩條實線和一條虛線表示。
Defensive jing can also be subdivided. First there are purely defensive jing, which are extremely yin and are characterized by three broken lines. Then there is defense with some attack jing (shou zhong dai gong jing, 守中帶攻勁). These are yin but have some yang and can be represented by two broken lines and one solid line. Almost every jing, both offensive and defensive, can be used as a hard or soft jing, long or short jing.
防守勁也可以細分。一是純守勁，極陰，以三虛線為特點。然後有一些攻擊勁（守中帶攻勁）的防禦。這些是陰但有一些陽，可以用兩條虛線和一條實線表示。幾乎每一個勁，無論是攻守，都可以用作硬勁或軟勁，長勁或短勁。
Before you start to study, you should know that many jing are mixtures of two or more other jing. For example, growing jing is a mixture of controlling, neutralizing, resisting, drilling, and coiling jing. Before you can understand a complex jing like this you must first learn the simpler ones. Second, you should understand that when most jing are used, they are usually coordinated with other jing, either to set up the opponent or to enhance the jing being applied. For example, in pushing hands, you must use yielding, neutralizing, and leading jing first, before you can apply controlling jing. Third, some of the jing are very similar to others, and you may find it difficult to differentiate between them. However, if you persevere in your practice and pondering, and continue to humbly seek the answer, you will eventually come to understand them.
在開始學習之前，您應該知道許多勁是兩種或多種其他勁的混合物。例如，growing Jing 是控制、中和、抗、鑽、繞勁的混合體。在你能理解這樣複雜的勁之前，你必須先學習簡單的勁。其次，你應該明白，當使用大多數勁時，它們通常與其他勁配合，要么是為了設置對手，要么是為了增強所用的勁。比如推手，必須先用屈、化、導勁，才能施控勁。第三，有些勁與其他的很相似，你可能會發現很難區分它們。但是，如果你堅持自己的修行和思考，繼續虛心尋求答案，你最終會明白的。
Jing and Yi
Jing and yi (mind, will) are probably the most important keys to success in taiji. You should understand that if there is no yi, the qi will be stagnant, and if the qi is stagnant, then it cannot be applied to jing. Therefore, wherever the jing is to go, the yi must go first, and the qi will naturally follow. When you use your yi to lead qi in support of jing, the yi should always be farther than the jing; otherwise, the jing will be restrained and not completely expressed. This is best done by maintaining a sense of having an enemy in front of you. Imagination is the key here. If you only put your attention on your hands, the energy will have difficulty reaching them. When you put your mind on an imaginary opponent in front of you, the qi will more easily reach your hands and pass through them. Therefore, it is said: "Jing [can be] broken, mind not broken."
勁和意
勁和意（心、意志）可能是太極拳成功的最重要的關鍵。要知道，無意氣滯，氣滯則不能用於勁。所以，勁所到之處，意必先行，氣自然而然。當你用你的意引導氣來支持勁時，宜總是比勁遠；否則，勁會被克制，不能完全發出來。最好通過保持有敵人在你面前的感覺來做到這一點。想像力是這裡的關鍵。如果你只把注意力放在手上，能量將難以到達他們。當你把注意力放在你面前的假想對手身上時，氣會更容易到達你的手並傳導到他們身上。故曰：“勁可斷，心不斷。”
Jing, Muscles, and Qi
Almost all jing require using the muscles. Muscles play the major role in hard jing, a lesser role in soft-hard jing, and a relatively small role in the soft, pulsing jing used in taiji. As the role of the muscles decreases, the role of the tendons gradually increases, and the expression of jing changes from the slower muscular version to a fast pulse strike.
勁、肌肉、氣
幾乎所有的jing都需要使用肌肉。肌肉在硬勁中起主要作用，在軟硬勁中起次要作用，在太極中使用的軟、pulsing jing（脈衝勁？？）中作用相對較小。隨著肌肉的作用減少，筋的作用逐漸增加，勁的表現從較慢的肌肉版本變為快速的脈衝打擊。
In Chinese martial arts, all of these jing require qi support. How does this qi support work? Let us digress for a moment and consider several factors affecting muscular strength. Most people know that we use only a portion of the capacity of our brains. The same situation prevails with our muscles, we use only about 40 percent of their capacity. There are several ways to increase this percentage. The will (yi) is important, sometimes to an astounding degree. When people are confronted with emergencies, they can sometimes do things far beyond their normal, everyday ability. When you decide you must do something, your body follows your will. Another factor that increases muscular strength is concentration. You have probably already observed that concentration increases the effectiveness of your exertion. When your entire mind is on what you are doing, and none of your attention is distracted by extraneous matters, all of your efforts and energy can be focused on one target.
在中國武術中，所有這些勁都需要氣的支持。這種 氣是如何運作？讓我們暫時離題，考慮影響肌肉力量的幾個因素。大多數人都知道，我們只使用了大腦的一部分能力。同樣的情況也存在於我們的肌肉中，我們只使用了大約 40% 的能力。有幾種方法可以增加這個百分比。意志（yi）很重要，有時甚至到了驚人的程度。當人們面臨緊急情況時，他們有時會做出遠遠超出正常日常能力的事情。當你決定必須做某事時，你的身體會遵從你的意志。另一個增加肌肉力量的因素是注意力。您可能已勁觀察到，專注會提高您的運動效率。當你全神貫注於你正在做的事情上，你的注意力沒有被無關的事情分散，你所有的努力和勁力都可以集中在一個目標上。
。
Qi Concentration 聚氣
Wherever your mind is, your qi is. Once you have developed grand circulation, you should be able to move your qi from your dan tian to any part of your body. When you put your mind (yi) on a particular technique, for example, a push, your qi will go to the muscles being used. The stronger your imagination is and the greater your concentration, the more the qi will flow and fill the active muscles. This energizes them the way a surge of electricity brings an electric motor to life. It will also increase the flexibility and elasticity of the muscles and make them feel inflated and capable of resisting a punch or generating a lot of power. The more disciplined your will and concentrations are, the more effectively you can move your qi.
你的意在哪裡，你的氣就在哪裡。一旦你開發了氣的大循環，你應該能夠將你的氣從你的丹田運到你身體的任何部位。當你把注意力集中在一個特定的技術上時，例如推，你的氣會流向正在使用的肌肉。你的想像力越強，你的注意力越集中，氣就會越多地流動並充滿活躍的肌肉。這使他們充滿活力，就像電的湧動使電動機運作一樣。它還將增加肌肉的柔韌性和彈性，使它們感到膨脹，並能夠抵抗拳的重擊或發出更大的力量。你的意志和專注力越有規律，你的行氣就越有效。
Western science reports that concentration generates a chemical reaction in your muscles that increases the power much more than usual. I do not doubt that this is caused by the qi that this concentration of the mind brings.
西方科學報告說，集中注意力會在你的肌肉中產生化學反應，比平時更能增加力量。我不懷疑這是由這種專注所帶來的氣引起的。
When you have trained your qi and muscles, you will find that you can generate the same power with less muscle tissue. You will be able to relax your muscles, which will let the qi flow even more easily. The main bulk of the muscle fiber, which is in the middle of the muscle, will relax, and you will rely more on the ends of the muscles near the tendons. It is said that taiji jing comes from the tendons. This demands great skill and control on your part. To move in the loose, fluid, almost boneless fashion of taiji, you have to be able to place every part of your body in the correct relationship to each other part, the ground, and the target. The force generated by your legs is bounced off the floor and coiled through your body. The force cannot pass through any kinks or around any corners. Tension in any muscle will hinder the flow of force and qi. The tendons, which are the connectors of the parts of the body, transmit the force from each part to the next. The ends of the muscles use the minimum amount of effort to keep the flow going and direct it.
當你練好了你的氣和肌肉，你會發現你可以用更少的肌肉組織產生同樣的力量。您將能夠放鬆肌肉，這將使氣更容易流動。位於肌肉中間的主要肌肉纖維會放鬆，您將更多地依賴肌腱附近的肌肉末端。據說太極勁來自筋脈。這需要您具備出色的技能和控制力。要以鬆散、流暢、幾乎無骨的太極拳方式移動，您必須能夠將身體的每個部位與其他部位、地面和目標保持正確的關係。你的腿產生的力量從地板上反彈並盤繞在你的身體中。力不能通過任何扭結或繞過任何角落。任何肌肉的緊張都會阻礙力氣的流動。肌腱是身體各部位的連接器，將力從每個部位傳遞到下一個部位。肌肉的末端可以用最小的力來讓氣保持流動，並引導它。
Most people have parts or patches of their bodies that they are not really aware of. This may show up as, for example, a place on your thigh where you are not as sensitive as elsewhere. This means that your spirit (shen) doesn't normally reach everywhere in your body, and consequently, your mind and qi don't go there either. You must train your spirit, mind, and qi to fill your body like a thread passing through every part of the pearl with the nine-curved passage. Only when your consciousness and qi suffuse your muscles can you really control them and your movement.
大多數人並沒有真正意識到自己身體的某些部位或區塊的存在。這可能會是像是您大腿上的一個地方，您不像對其他地方那麼敏感。這就是說，你的心神（神）通常不會注意到你身體的每一個地方，所以你的意和氣也不會到那裡。你必須修煉你的神、意、氣，使你的身體就像被一穿過珠子的每一部分，九曲通道，的線，讓他們充滿你的身體。只有當你的意識和氣充滿你的肌肉時，你才能真正控制這些肌肉和它們的運動。
There are several ways you can fill your body with spirit and qi after you have completed grand circulation. You can visualize that you are a balloon being inflated with energy and awareness. However, the main method in taiji is doing the sequence slowly. When the form is done at a slow, steady pace, you have a chance to pay attention to the movement of qi without sacrificing anything else. Accumulate qi in your dan tian and coordinate it with your movements through your breathing.
完成大循環後，有幾種方法可以使您的身體充滿精神和氣。你可以想像你是一個充滿能量和意識的氣球。然而，太極拳的主要方法是慢慢地循序漸進。當以緩慢而穩定的速度完成形式時，您就有機會在不犧牲其他任何東西的情況下關注氣的運動。在你的丹田裡積氣，並通過你的呼吸與你的動作相協調。
You will always use some muscular energy (li) when you move. It is impossible to move without it. Similarly, there is always qi moving in your body. It only stops when you die, or a part of your body dies. An external stylist can develop qi to strengthen his movements, but it is local qi, developed in the arms and shoulders. Since this kind of movement uses tensed muscles, the qi from the dan tian cannot reach the arms. An external style of gongfu like Tiger Style uses this kind of local qi to greatly strengthen the hands and arms. A soft-hard style like White Crane uses this local qi to strengthen the arms, and balances it with attention to the waist and dan tian. Most of the time, however, the qi in the dan tian is not circulated up the back and into the arms. External styles exhale to get the air out and coordinate it with the energy, but it is stiff energy, not the soft energy of taiji.
當你移動時，你總是會使用一些肌肉能量（li）。沒有它就不可能移動。同樣，你的身體裡總是有氣在運行。它只會在您死亡或身體的一部分死亡時停止。外家拳運動者可以開發氣來加強他的動作，但它是局部氣，只有在手臂和肩膀上運用。由於這種動作會使肌肉緊張，丹田的氣無法到達手臂。像虎式這樣的外在功夫，就是利用這種局部氣來大大加強手和手臂的力量。像白鶴這樣的軟硬式，就是利用這種局部的氣來強化手臂，並通過注意腰部和丹田來平衡它。然而，大多數時候，丹田中的氣並沒有循環到背部和手臂中。外家的呼氣出氣，與氣相協調，但它是剛氣，不是太極的鬆柔之氣。
(The above excerpt is from Tai Chi Chuan Martial Power Advanced Yang Style by Dr. Yang, Jwing-Ming.)
Dr. Yang, Jwing-Ming, is a renowned author and teacher of Chinese martial arts and Qigong. Born in Taiwan, he has trained and taught Taijiquan, Qigong and Chinese martial arts for over forty-five years. He is the author of over thirty books, and was elected by Inside Kung Fu magazine as one of the 10 people who has "made the greatest impact on martial arts in the past 100 years." Dr. Yang lives in Northern California.
（以上摘自楊敬明博士太極拳武功進階楊式。）
楊敬銘博士是著名的中國武術和氣功作家和教師。他出生於台灣，從事太極拳、氣功和中國武術的訓練和教授超過四十五年。他著有三十多本書，並被《功夫》雜誌評選為“過去 100 年來對武術產生最大影響”的 10 位人物之一。楊博士住在北加州。